📈 Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 – Development

 

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In this post, we explain Economics Chapter 1 – Development, where you’ll learn how to compare different countries and people in terms of development, and what development actually means beyond just income.

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🌱 I. What is Development?

Development means progress or improvement in the quality of life. It is not the same for everyone.

Different People, Different Goals:

• Rich people: Want better income, luxurious life

• Poor people: Want food, employment, education

• Women: May look for respect, security, equal treatment

• Farmers: Want good prices, irrigation, support from government

✅ Development is subjective – it differs from person to person.

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📊 II. Income and Other Goals

People want more than just income:

👉 Development = Income + Quality of Life

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💰 III. National Development

National development means improvement in the standard of living of people in a country.

But how do we compare countries?

Comparison Criteria:

• Average income (per capita income): Total income ÷ Total population

• Used by World Bank to rank countries

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🌍 IV. World Bank Classification

According to the World Development Report:

✅ World Bank uses per capita income to compare, but it’s not the only measure of development.

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⚖️ V. Limitations of Average Income

• It hides inequality

• Two countries may have the same average income, but different income distribution

Example:

• Country A: Rich & poor have equal income

• Country B: Few rich, many poor → Average same, but unfair

✅ That’s why other indicators are also needed.

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📚 VI. Other Important Development Indicators

1. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

   • Number of children who die before age 1 (per 1,000 births)

2. Literacy Rate

   • Percentage of people who can read and write

3. Net Attendance Ratio

   • Number of children attending school (age group 14–15)

4. Life Expectancy

   • Average age people are expected to live

✅ These indicators help assess quality of life, not just income.

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♻️ VII. Public Facilities

Some essential needs are met collectively by the government:

✅ Income alone can’t buy these; they need government support and public investment.

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🌍 VIII. Sustainability of Development

Sustainable Development means using resources wisely so future generations can also use them.

Example:

• Overusing groundwater can cause water scarcity

• Deforestation, pollution, and fossil fuel use cause long-term harm

✅ True development must be environment-friendly and future-focused

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📚 IX. Key Terms

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📌 Summary

✅ Development = Income + Education + Health + Security + Sustainability