📘 Chapter 2: Acids, Bases and Salts
Subject: Science | Class: 10 | Medium: Easy English
🧪 1. What are Acids?
Acids are substances that taste sour and turn blue litmus red. They release H⁺ (hydrogen ions) in water.
- Examples: HCl, H₂SO₄, Lemon juice, Vinegar
🧂 2. What are Bases?
Bases are bitter in taste, feel soapy, and turn red litmus blue. They release OH⁻ (hydroxide ions) in water.
- Examples: NaOH, Ca(OH)₂, Milk of magnesia
🧫 3. Indicators
Indicators show color change in acids and bases.
| Indicator | In Acid | In Base |
|---|---|---|
| Litmus | Red | Blue |
| Methyl Orange | Red | Yellow |
| Phenolphthalein | Colorless | Pink |
⚖️ 4. Neutralization Reaction
When acid reacts with base, it forms salt + water.
Example: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
⚗️ 5. Metals with Acids
Metals react with acids to form salt + hydrogen gas.
Example: Zn + H₂SO₄ → ZnSO₄ + H₂ ↑
💨 6. Acid Rain
Rainwater containing acids like H₂SO₄ and HNO₃ is called acid rain. It damages plants, buildings, and soil.
🧂 7. What are Salts?
Salts are compounds formed by acid + base reaction.
- Examples: NaCl, NaHCO₃ (baking soda), Na₂CO₃ (washing soda), CaSO₄ · ½ H₂O (POP)
🧪 8. Important Salts and Their Uses
| Salt | Chemical Name | Use |
|---|---|---|
| Baking soda | Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) | Used in cooking, antacids |
| Washing soda | Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) | Used in washing clothes |
| Plaster of Paris | Calcium sulfate hemihydrate | Used in casts & sculptures |
📝 Summary Table
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Acid | Sour, gives H⁺ |
| Base | Bitter, gives OH⁻ |
| Salt | Formed by acid + base |
| Neutralization | Acid + Base → Salt + Water |
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